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data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/os/windows/index.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><h2 class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>windows</h2><!--]--></a><!----></div><div class="items" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/os/windows/base64.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>base64 操作</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/os/windows/winServer.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>制作win服务</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/os/windows/wsl.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>wsl</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/os/windows/%E4%B9%B1%E4%B8%83%E5%85%AB%E7%B3%9F.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>乱七八糟</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><div class="VPSidebarItem level-1 is-link" data-v-b3fd67f8 data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="item" data-v-b3fd67f8><div class="indicator" data-v-b3fd67f8></div><a class="VPLink link link" href="/os/windows/%E5%88%A0%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1.html" data-v-b3fd67f8><!--[--><p class="text" data-v-b3fd67f8>删除服务.md</p><!--]--></a><!----></div><!----></div><!--]--></div></section></div><!--]--><!--[--><!--]--></nav></aside><div class="VPContent has-sidebar" id="VPContent" 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class="content-container" data-v-39a288b8><!--[--><!--]--><main class="main" data-v-39a288b8><div style="position:relative;" class="vp-doc _os_linux_%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" data-v-39a288b8><div><h2 id="内存瓶颈" tabindex="-1"><strong>内存瓶颈</strong> <a class="header-anchor" href="#内存瓶颈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;**内存瓶颈**&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="free" tabindex="-1">free <a class="header-anchor" href="#free" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;free&quot;">​</a></h3><p><code>free</code>是查看内存使用情况，包括物理内存、交换内存(swap)和内核缓冲区内存。</p><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-b</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 以Byte为单位显示内存使用情况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-k</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 以KB为单位显示内存使用情况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-m</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 以MB为单位显示内存使用情况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-g</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 以GB为单位显示内存使用情况。 </span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-o</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 不显示缓冲区调节列；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;间隔秒数&gt; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"># 持续观察内存使用状况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-t</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 显示内存总和列；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-V</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;"> # 显示版本信息。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="实例" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>free -h -s 3 	#	每隔三秒输出一次内存情况</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>free -t    		# 以总和的形式显示内存的使用信息</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>free -s 10 		# 周期性的查询内存使用信息，每10s 执行一次命令</span></span></code></pre></div><ul><li><code>Mem</code>：是内存的使用情况。</li><li><code>Swap</code>：是交换空间的使用情况。</li><li><code>total</code>：系统总的可用物理内存和交换空间大小。</li><li><code>used</code>：已经被使用的物理内存和交换空间。</li><li><code>free</code>：还有多少物理内存和交换空间可用使用，是真正尚未被使用的物理内存数量。</li><li><code>shared</code>：被共享使用的物理内存大小。</li><li><code>buff/cache</code>：被 buffer（缓冲区） 和 cache（缓存） 使用的物理内存大小。</li><li><code>available</code>：还可以被应用程序使用的物理内存大小，它是从应用程序的角度看到的可用内存数量，available ≈ free + buffer + cache。</li></ul><h3 id="vmstat" tabindex="-1">vmstat <a class="header-anchor" href="#vmstat" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;vmstat&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>vmstat（VirtualMeomoryStatistics，虚拟内存统计）是Linux中监控内存的常用工具，可对操作系统的虚拟内存、进程、CPU等的整体情况进行监视，推荐使用。</p></blockquote><h5 id="选项" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-a：显示活动内页；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-f：显示启动后创建的进程总数；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-m：显示slab信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-n：头信息仅显示一次；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-s：以表格方式显示事件计数器和内存状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-d：报告磁盘状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-p：显示指定的硬盘分区状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-S：输出信息的单位。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="参数" tabindex="-1">参数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#参数" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;参数&quot;">​</a></h5><ul><li>事件间隔：状态信息刷新的时间间隔；</li><li>次数：显示报告的次数。</li></ul><h5 id="实例-1" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>vmstat 5 3				#	表示每隔5秒统计一次，一共统计三次。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="字段说明" tabindex="-1">字段说明 <a class="header-anchor" href="#字段说明" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;字段说明&quot;">​</a></h5><ul><li>procs</li></ul><blockquote><p><code>r</code>：表示运行和等待CPU时间片的进程数（就是说多少个进程真的分配到CPU），这个值如果长期大于系统CPU个数，说明CPU不足，需要增加CPU。 <code>b</code>：表示在等待资源的进程数，比如正在等待I/O或者内存交换等。</p></blockquote><ul><li>memory</li></ul><blockquote><p><code>swpd</code>：表示切换到内存交换区的内存大小，即虚拟内存已使用的大小（单位KB），如果大于0，表示你的机器物理内存不足了，如果不是程序内存泄露的原因，那么你该升级内存了或者把耗内存的任务迁移到其他机器。</p><p><code>free</code>：表示当前空闲的物理内存。</p><p><code>buff</code>：表示缓冲大小，一般对块设备的读写才需要缓冲</p><p><code>Cache</code>：表示缓存大小，一般作为文件系统进行缓冲，频繁访问的文件都会被缓存，如果cache值非常大说明缓存文件比较多，如果此时io中的bi比较小，说明文件系统效率比较好。</p></blockquote><ul><li>swap</li></ul><blockquote><p><code>si</code>：表示数据由磁盘读入内存；通俗的讲就是每秒从磁盘读入虚拟内存的大小，如果这个值大于0，表示物理内存不够用或者内存泄露了，要查找耗内存进程解决掉。</p><p><code>so</code>：表示由内存写入磁盘，也就是由内存交换区进入内存的数据大小。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><strong>!!</strong> 注意：一般情况下si、so的值都为0，如果si、so的值长期不为0，则说明系统内存不足，需要增加系统内存</p></blockquote><ul><li>io</li></ul><blockquote><p><code>bi</code>：表示由块设备读入数据的总量，即读磁盘，单位kb/s</p><p><code>bo</code>：表示写到块设备数据的总量，即写磁盘，单位kb/s</p></blockquote><ul><li>system</li></ul><blockquote><p><code>in</code>：表示某一时间间隔内观测到的每秒设备终端数。</p><p><code>cs</code>：表示每秒产生的上下文切换次数，这个值要越小越好，太大了，要考虑调低线程或者进程的数目。例如在apache和nginx这种web服务器中，我们一般做性能测试时会进行几千并发甚至几万并发的测试，选择web服务器的进程可以由进程或者线程的峰值一直下调，压测，直到cs到一个比较小的值，这个进程和线程数就是比较合适的值了。系统调用也是，每次调用系统函数，我们的代码就会进入内核空间，导致上下文切换，这个是很耗资源，也要尽量避免频繁调用系统函数。上下文切换次数过多表示你的CPU大部分浪费在上下文切换，导致CPU干正经事的时间少了，CPU没有充分利用，是不可取的。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><strong>!!</strong> 注意：这两个值越大，则由内核消耗的CPU就越多。</p></blockquote><ul><li>CPU</li></ul><blockquote><p><code>us</code>：表示用户进程消耗的CPU时间百分比，us值越高，说明用户进程消耗CPU时间越多，如果长期大于50%，则需要考虑优化程序或者算法。</p><p><code>sy</code>：表示系统内核进程消耗的CPU时间百分比，一般来说us+sy应该小于80%，如果大于80%，说明可能存在CPU瓶颈。</p><p><code>id</code>：表示CPU处在空间状态的时间百分比。</p><p><code>wa</code>：表示IP等待所占用的CPU时间百分比，wa值越高，说明I/O等待越严重，根据经验wa的参考值为20%，如果超过20%，说明I/O等待严重，引起I/O等待的原因可能是磁盘大量随机读写造成的，也可能是磁盘或者监控器的贷款瓶颈（主要是块操作）造成的。</p></blockquote><h3 id="sar" tabindex="-1">sar <a class="header-anchor" href="#sar" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;sar&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>系统运行状态统计工具</p><p>是Linux下系统运行状态统计工具，它将指定的操作系统状态计数器显示到标准输出设备。sar工具将对系统当前的状态进行取样，然后通过计算数据和比例来表达系统的当前运行状态。它的特点是可以连续对系统取样，获得大量的取样数据。取样数据和分析的结果都可以存入文件，使用它时消耗的系统资源很小。</p></blockquote><h5 id="语法" tabindex="-1">语法 <a class="header-anchor" href="#语法" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;语法&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">sar(选项</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">参数</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="选项-1" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-A：显示所有的报告信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-b：显示I/O速率；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-B：显示换页状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-c：显示进程创建活动；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-d：显示每个块设备的状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-e：设置显示报告的结束时间；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-f：从指定文件提取报告；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-i：设状态信息刷新的间隔时间；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-P：报告每个CPU的状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-r：显示内存状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-u：显示CPU利用率；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-v：显示索引节点，文件和其他内核表的状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-w：显示交换分区状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-x：显示给定进程的状态</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="参数-1" tabindex="-1">参数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#参数-1" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;参数&quot;">​</a></h5><ul><li>间隔时间：每次报告的间隔时间（秒）；</li><li>次数：显示报告的次数。</li></ul><h5 id="实例-2" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-2" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>sar -r 3		#	每隔三秒输出一次内存信息</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>sar 60 10		# 观察系统部件10分钟，并对数据进行排序</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>sar -ur 5 3 # 每隔5秒打印cpu,内存信息 打印3次</span></span></code></pre></div><h2 id="cpu瓶颈" tabindex="-1">CPU瓶颈 <a class="header-anchor" href="#cpu瓶颈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;CPU瓶颈&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="cpu信息" tabindex="-1">CPU信息 <a class="header-anchor" href="#cpu信息" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;CPU信息&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>查看所有信息</p></blockquote><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>cat /proc/cpuinfo</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="查看cpu信息-型号" tabindex="-1">查看CPU信息（型号） <a class="header-anchor" href="#查看cpu信息-型号" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;查看CPU信息（型号）&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep name | cut -f2 -d: | uniq -c</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="查看物理cpu个数" tabindex="-1">查看物理CPU个数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#查看物理cpu个数" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;查看物理CPU个数&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep &quot;physical id&quot;| sort| uniq| wc -l</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>16</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="查看每个物理cpu中core的个数-即核数" tabindex="-1">查看每个物理CPU中core的个数(即核数) <a class="header-anchor" href="#查看每个物理cpu中core的个数-即核数" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;查看每个物理CPU中core的个数(即核数)&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep &quot;cpu cores&quot;| uniq</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="查看逻辑cpu的个数" tabindex="-1">查看逻辑CPU的个数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#查看逻辑cpu的个数" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;查看逻辑CPU的个数&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>cat /proc/cpuinfo| grep &quot;processor&quot;| wc -l</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="top" tabindex="-1">top <a class="header-anchor" href="#top" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;top&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>在Linux内核的操作系统中，进程是根据虚拟运行时间（由进程优先级、nice值加上实际占用的CPU时间进行动态计算得出）进行动态调度的。在执行进程时，需要从用户态转换到内核态，用户空间不能直接操作内核空间的函数。通常要利用系统调用来完成进程调度，而用户空间到内核空间的转换通常是通过软中断来完成的。例如要进行磁盘操作，用户态需要通过系统调用内核的磁盘操作指令，所以CPU消耗的时间被切分成用户态CPU消耗、系统（内核） CPU 消耗，以及磁盘操作 CPU 消耗。执行进程时，需要经过一系列的操作，进程首先在用户态执行，在执行过程中会进行进程优先级的调整（nice），通过系统调用到内核，再通过内核调用，硬中断、软中断，让硬件执行任务。执行完成之后，再从内核态返回给系统调用，最后系统调用将结果返回给用户态的进程。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>top可以查看CPU总体消耗，包括分项消耗，如User，System，Idle，nice等。<code>Shift + H</code>显示java线程；<code>Shift + M</code>按照内存使用排序；<code>Shift + P</code>按照CPU使用时间（使用率）排序；<code>Shift + T</code>按照CPU累积使用时间排序；多核CPU，进入top视图<code>1</code>，可以看到各各CPU的负载情况。</p></blockquote><h4 id="选项-2" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项-2" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h4><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-b：以批处理模式操作；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-c：显示完整的治命令；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-d：屏幕刷新间隔时间；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-I：忽略失效过程；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-s：保密模式；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-S：累积模式；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-i</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;时间&gt;：设置间隔时间；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-u</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;用户名&gt;：指定用户名；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-p</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;进程号&gt;：指定进程；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-n</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;次数&gt;：循环显示的次数。</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="top交互命令" tabindex="-1">top交互命令 <a class="header-anchor" href="#top交互命令" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;top交互命令&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>在top命令执行过程中可以使用的一些交互命令。这些命令都是单字母的，如果在命令行中使用了-s选项， 其中一些命令可能会被屏蔽。</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">h：显示帮助画面，给出一些简短的命令总结说明；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">k：终止一个进程；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">i：忽略闲置和僵死进程，这是一个开关式命令；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">q：退出程序；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">r：重新安排一个进程的优先级别；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">S：切换到累计模式；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">s：改变两次刷新之间的延迟时间（单位为s），如果有小数，就换算成ms。输入0值则系统将不断刷新，默认值是5s；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">f或者F：从当前显示中添加或者删除项目；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">o或者O：改变显示项目的顺序；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">l：切换显示平均负载和启动时间信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">m：切换显示内存信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">t：切换显示进程和CPU状态信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">c：切换显示命令名称和完整命令行；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">M：根据驻留内存大小进行排序；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">P：根据CPU使用百分比大小进行排序；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">T：根据时间/累计时间进行排序；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">w：将当前设置写入~/.toprc文件中。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="实例-3" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-3" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>top </span></span>
<span class="line"><span>15:24:11 up 8 days,  7:52,  1 user,  load average: 5.73, 6.85, 7.33</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Tasks:  17 total,   1 running,  16 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>%Cpu(s): 13.9 us,  9.2 sy,  0.0 ni, 76.1 id,  0.1 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.1 si,  0.7 st</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>KiB Mem : 11962365+total, 50086832 free, 38312808 used, 31224016 buff/cache</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>KiB Swap:        0 total,        0 free,        0 used. 75402760 avail Mem</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span>   PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S  %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>     1 root      20   0   15376   1988   1392 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.06 sh</span></span></code></pre></div><ul><li>第一行</li></ul><blockquote><p>系统时间</p><p>up[运行时间 ]</p><p>user[ 当前登录用户数]</p><p>load average[负载均衡情况，分别表示1分钟，5分钟，15分钟负载情况]</p></blockquote><ul><li>第二行</li></ul><blockquote><p>total[总进程数]</p><p>running [运行数]</p><p>sleeping[休眠 ]</p><p>stopped [停止]</p><p>zombie[僵尸进程]</p></blockquote><ul><li>第三行</li></ul><blockquote><p>us[用户空间CPU占比]</p><p>sy[内核空间CPU占比]</p><p>ni[改变过优先级的进程CPU占比]</p><p>id[空闲CPU占比]</p><p>wa[IO等待占用CPU占比]</p><p>hi [硬中断占用CPU占比]</p><p>si [ 软中断占用CPU占比0.1%,]</p><p>st[当前VM中的cpu 时钟被虚拟化偷走的比例]</p></blockquote><ul><li>第四行</li></ul><blockquote><p>total[物理内存总量]</p><p>free[空闲内存总量]</p><p>used[使用的物理内存总量]</p><p>buff/cache[用作内核缓存的内存量]</p></blockquote><ul><li>第五行</li></ul><blockquote><p>total[交换区总量]</p><p>used[使用的交换区总量]</p><p>free[空闲交换区总量]</p><p>cached[缓冲的交换区总量]</p></blockquote><p>第七行表示：</p><ul><li><code>PID</code>: 进程id</li><li><code>USER</code>:进程所有者</li><li><code>PR</code>:进程优先级</li><li><code>NI</code>:nice值。负值表示高优先级，正值表示低优先级</li><li><code>VIRT</code>:虚拟内存，进程使用的虚拟内存总量，单位kb。VIRT=SWAP+RES</li><li><code>RES</code>:常驻内存，进程使用的、未被换出的物理内存大小，单位kb。RES=CODE+DATA</li><li><code>SHR</code>:共享内存，共享内存大小，单位kb</li><li><code>S</code>:进程状态。D=不可中断的睡眠状态 R=运行 S=睡眠 T=跟踪/停止 Z=僵尸进程</li><li><code>%CPU</code>:上次更新到现在的CPU时间占用百分比</li><li><code>%MEM</code>:进程使用的物理内存百分比</li><li><code>TIME+</code>:进程使用的CPU时间总计，单位1/100秒</li><li><code>COMMAND</code>:进程名称（命令名/命令行）</li></ul><h2 id="网络瓶颈" tabindex="-1">网络瓶颈 <a class="header-anchor" href="#网络瓶颈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;网络瓶颈&quot;">​</a></h2><h4 id="查看路由经过的地址" tabindex="-1">查看路由经过的地址 <a class="header-anchor" href="#查看路由经过的地址" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;查看路由经过的地址&quot;">​</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>traceroute ip</code>可以查看路由经过的地址，常用来统计网络在各个路由区段的耗时，如：</p></blockquote><h3 id="netstat" tabindex="-1">netstat <a class="header-anchor" href="#netstat" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;netstat&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>用来打印Linux中网络系统的状态信息，可让你得知整个Linux系统的网络情况</p></blockquote><h3 id="选项-3" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项-3" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h3><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-a或--all：显示所有连线中的Socket；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-A</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;网络类型&gt;或--&lt;网络类型&gt;：列出该网络类型连线中的相关地址；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-c或--continuous：持续列出网络状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-C或--cache：显示路由器配置的快取信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-e或--extend：显示网络其他相关信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-F或--fib：显示FIB；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-g或--groups：显示多重广播功能群组组员名单；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-h或--help：在线帮助；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-i或--interfaces：显示网络界面信息表单；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-l或--listening：显示监控中的服务器的Socket；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-M或--masquerade：显示伪装的网络连线；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-n或--numeric：直接使用ip地址，而不通过域名服务器；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-N或--netlink或--symbolic：显示网络硬件外围设备的符号连接名称；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-o或--timers：显示计时器；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-p或--programs：显示正在使用Socket的程序识别码和程序名称；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-r或--route：显示Routing</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Table；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-s或--statistice：显示网络工作信息统计表；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-t或--tcp：显示TCP传输协议的连线状况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-u或--udp：显示UDP传输协议的连线状况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-v或--verbose：显示指令执行过程；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-V或--version：显示版本信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-w或--raw：显示RAW传输协议的连线状况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-x或--unix：此参数的效果和指定</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">&quot;-A unix&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">参数相同；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--ip或--inet：此参数的效果和指定</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">&quot;-A inet&quot;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">参数相同。</span></span></code></pre></div><h4 id="实例-4" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-4" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h4><blockquote><p>列出所有端口 (包括监听和未监听的)</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -a</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">     #列出所有端口</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -at</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">    #列出所有tcp端口</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -au</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">    #列出所有udp端口</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>列出所有处于监听状态的 Sockets</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -l</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">        #只显示监听端口</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -lt</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">       #只列出所有监听 tcp 端口</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -lu</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">       #只列出所有监听 udp 端口</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -lx</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">       #只列出所有监听 UNIX 端口</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>显示每个协议的统计信息</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">   显示所有端口的统计信息</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -st</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">   显示TCP端口的统计信息</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -su</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">   显示UDP端口的统计信息</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>在netstat输出中显示 PID 和进程名称</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -pt</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>持续输出netstat信息</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -c</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D;">   #每隔一秒输出网络信息</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>*显示系统不支持的地址族(Address Families)</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> --verbose</span></span>
<span class="line"></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> no</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> support</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> for</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> `</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">AF</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> IPX&#39; on this system.</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">netstat: no support for `AF AX25&#39; on this system.</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat:</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> no support for `</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">AF</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> X25&#39; on this system.</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">netstat: no support for `AF NETROM&#39;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> on</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> this</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> system.</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>显示核心路由信息</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -r</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p><strong>找出程序运行的端口</strong></p></blockquote><p>并不是所有的进程都能找到，没有权限的会不显示，使用 root 权限查看所有的信息。</p><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -ap</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> grep</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> ssh</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>找出运行在指定端口的进程</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -an</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;"> |</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> grep</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> &#39;:80&#39;</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>显示网络</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">netstat</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -ie</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="查看网络错误" tabindex="-1">查看网络错误 <a class="header-anchor" href="#查看网络错误" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;查看网络错误&quot;">​</a></h5><p><code>netstat -i</code>可以查看网络错误：</p><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>$ netstat -i</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Kernel Interface table</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Iface             MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>ens33            1500   570291      0      0 0        225897      0      0      0 BMRU</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>lo              65536      130      0      0 0           130      0      0      0 LRU</span></span></code></pre></div><ul><li><code>Iface</code>: 网络接口名称;</li><li><code>MTU</code>: 最大传输单元，它限制了数据帧的最大长度，不同的网络类型都有一个上限值，如：以太网的MTU是1500；</li><li><code>RX-OK</code>：接收时，正确的数据包数。</li><li><code>RX-ERR</code>：接收时，产生错误的数据包数。</li><li><code>RX-DRP</code>：接收时，丢弃的数据包数。</li><li><code>RX-OVR</code>：接收时，由于过速（在数据传输中，由于接收设备不能接收按照发送速率传送来的数据而使数据丢失）而丢失的数据包数。</li><li><code>TX-OK</code>：发送时，正确的数据包数。</li><li><code>TX-ERR</code>：发送时，产生错误的数据包数。</li><li><code>TX-DRP</code>：发送时，丢弃的数据包数。</li><li><code>TX-OVR</code>：发送时，由于过速而丢失的数据包数。</li><li><code>Flg</code>：标志，B 已经设置了一个广播地址。L 该接口是一个回送设备。M 接收所有数据包（混乱模式）。N 避免跟踪。O 在该接口上，禁用ARP。P 这是一个点到点链接。R 接口正在运行。U 接口处于“活动”状态。</li></ul><h2 id="磁盘瓶颈" tabindex="-1">磁盘瓶颈 <a class="header-anchor" href="#磁盘瓶颈" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;磁盘瓶颈&quot;">​</a></h2><h3 id="df" tabindex="-1">df <a class="header-anchor" href="#df" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;df&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>用于显示磁盘分区上的可使用的磁盘空间。默认显示单位为KB。可以利用该命令来获取硬盘被占用了多少空间，目前还剩下多少空间等信息</p></blockquote><h5 id="选项-4" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项-4" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-a或--all：包含全部的文件系统；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">--block-size</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">区块大小</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&gt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">：以指定的区块大小来显示区块数目；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-h或--human-readable：以可读性较高的方式来显示信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-H或--si：与-h参数相同，但在计算时是以1000</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Bytes为换算单位而非1024</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> Bytes；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-i或--inodes：显示inode的信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-k或--kilobytes：指定区块大小为1024字节；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-l或--local：仅显示本地端的文件系统；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-m或--megabytes：指定区块大小为1048576字节；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--no-sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，不要执行sync指令，此为预设值；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-P或--portability：使用POSIX的输出格式；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--sync：在取得磁盘使用信息前，先执行sync指令；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-t</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;文件系统类型&gt;或--type=&lt;文件系统类型&gt;：仅显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-T或--print-type：显示文件系统的类型；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-x</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;文件系统类型&gt;或--exclude-type=&lt;文件系统类型&gt;：不要显示指定文件系统类型的磁盘信息；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--help：显示帮助；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">--version：显示版本信息。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="参数-2" tabindex="-1">参数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#参数-2" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;参数&quot;">​</a></h5><blockquote><p>文件：指定文件系统上的文件。</p></blockquote><h5 id="大小格式" tabindex="-1">大小格式 <a class="header-anchor" href="#大小格式" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;大小格式&quot;">​</a></h5><blockquote><p>显示值以 <code>--block-size</code> 和 <code>DF_BLOCK_SIZE</code>，<code>BLOCK_SIZE</code> 和 <code>BLOCKSIZE</code> 环境变量中的第一个可用 <code>SIZE</code> 为单位。 否则，单位默认为 <code>1024</code> 个字节（如果设置 <code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code>，则为<code>512</code>）。</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>SIZE是一个整数和可选单位（例如：10M是10 * 1024 * 1024）。 单位是K，M，G，T，P，E，Z，Y（1024的幂）或KB，MB，...（1000的幂）。</p></blockquote><h5 id="实例-5" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-5" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><blockquote><p>使用<code>-h</code>选项以KB以上的单位来显示，可读性高：</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">df</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -h</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>查看全部文件系统</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">df</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -a</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>显示 <code>public</code> 目录中的可用空间量，如以下输出中所示：</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">df</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> public</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>查看磁盘剩余空间使用</p></blockquote><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>df -hl</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="du" tabindex="-1">du <a class="header-anchor" href="#du" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;du&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>也是查看使用空间的，但是与df命令不同的是Linux du命令是对文件和目录磁盘使用的空间的查看，还是和df命令有一些区别的</p></blockquote><h5 id="选项-5" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项-5" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-a或-all</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 显示目录中个别文件的大小。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-b或-bytes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 显示目录或文件大小时，以byte为单位。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-c或--total</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 除了显示个别目录或文件的大小外，同时也显示所有目录或文件的总和。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-k或--kilobytes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 以KB</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">(</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">1024bytes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">)</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">为单位输出。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-m或--megabytes</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 以MB为单位输出。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-s或--summarize</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 仅显示总计，只列出最后加总的值。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-h或--human-readable</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 以K，M，G为单位，提高信息的可读性。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-x或--one-file-xystem</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 以一开始处理时的文件系统为准，若遇上其它不同的文件系统目录则略过。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-L</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;符号链接&gt;或--dereference&lt;符号链接&gt; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">显示选项中所指定符号链接的源文件大小。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-S或--separate-dirs</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 显示个别目录的大小时，并不含其子目录的大小。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-X</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">&lt;文件&gt;或--exclude-from=&lt;文件&gt; </span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">在</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">文</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">件</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&gt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">指定目录或文件。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;">--exclude</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">=&lt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;">目录或文件</span><span style="--shiki-light:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583;">&gt;</span><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;"> 略过指定的目录或文件。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-D或--dereference-args</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 显示指定符号链接的源文件大小。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-H或--si</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 与-h参数相同，但是K，M，G是以1000为换算单位。</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-l或--count-links</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> 重复计算硬件链接的文件。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="实例-6" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-6" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><blockquote><p>只显示当前目录下面的子目录的目录大小和当前目录的总的大小，最下面的为当前目录的总大小</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>显示指定文件所占空间：</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">du</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> log.log</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>查看指定目录的所占空间：</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">du</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> scf</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>显示多个文件所占空间：</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">du</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> log1.tar.gz</span><span style="--shiki-light:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF;"> log2.tar.gz</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>只显示总和的大小:</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">du</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -s</span></span></code></pre></div><blockquote><p>显示总和的大小且易读:</p></blockquote><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">du</span><span style="--shiki-light:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF;"> -sh</span><span style="--shiki-light:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8;"> $dir</span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="iostat" tabindex="-1">iostat <a class="header-anchor" href="#iostat" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;iostat&quot;">​</a></h3><blockquote><p>被用于监视系统输入输出设备和CPU的使用情况。它的特点是汇报磁盘活动统计情况，同时也会汇报出CPU使用情况。同vmstat一样，iostat也有一个弱点，就是它不能对某个进程进行深入分析，仅对系统的整体情况进行分析。</p></blockquote><h5 id="选项-6" tabindex="-1">选项 <a class="header-anchor" href="#选项-6" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;选项&quot;">​</a></h5><div class="language-shell vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang">shell</span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-c：仅显示CPU使用情况；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-d：仅显示设备利用率；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-k：显示状态以千字节每秒为单位，而不使用块每秒；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-m：显示状态以兆字节每秒为单位；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-p：仅显示块设备和所有被使用的其他分区的状态；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-t：显示每个报告产生时的时间；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-V：显示版号并退出；</span></span>
<span class="line"><span style="--shiki-light:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0;">-x：显示扩展状态。</span></span></code></pre></div><h5 id="参数-3" tabindex="-1">参数 <a class="header-anchor" href="#参数-3" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;参数&quot;">​</a></h5><ul><li>间隔时间：每次报告的间隔时间（秒）；</li><li>次数：显示报告的次数。</li></ul><h5 id="实例-7" tabindex="-1">实例 <a class="header-anchor" href="#实例-7" aria-label="Permalink to &quot;实例&quot;">​</a></h5><blockquote><p>通<code>iostat</code>查看磁盘总体的读写情况：</p></blockquote><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>[root@localhost ~]# iostat</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Linux 3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain)    2020年05月02日  _x86_64_        (2 CPU)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span>avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>           0.17    0.00    0.20    0.46    0.00   99.17</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Device:            tps    kB_read/s    kB_wrtn/s    kB_read    kB_wrtn</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>sda               1.56        30.45        39.61    4659620    6060644</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>scd0              0.00         0.02         0.00       3102          0</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>dm-0              1.96        30.01        38.42    4591998    5878155</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>dm-1              0.09         0.09         0.30      13840      45328</span></span></code></pre></div><ul><li><code>tps</code>：该设备每秒的传输次数。</li><li><code>kB_read/s</code>：每秒从设备（drive expressed）读取的数据量；</li><li><code>kB_wrtn/s</code>：每秒向设备（drive expressed）写入的数据量；</li><li><code>kB_read</code>：读取的总数据量；</li><li><code>kB_wrtn</code>：写入的总数量数据量；</li></ul><blockquote><p>查看磁盘详细读写情况</p></blockquote><p>通过<code>iostat -x 1 3</code>可以看到磁盘详细读写情况，没隔一秒输出一次一共输出3次，当看到I/O等待时间所占CPU时间的比重很高的时候，首先要检查的就是机器是否正在大量使用交换空间，同时关注<code>iowait</code>占比cpu的消耗是否很大，如果大说明磁盘存在大的瓶颈，同时关注<code>await</code>，表示磁盘的响应时间以便小于5ms：</p><div class="language- vp-adaptive-theme"><button title="Copy Code" class="copy"></button><span class="lang"></span><pre class="shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark vp-code" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span>[root@localhost ~]# iostat -x 1 3</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Linux 3.10.0-1062.el7.x86_64 (localhost.localdomain)    2020年05月02日  _x86_64_        (2 CPU)</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span>avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>           0.17    0.00    0.20    0.46    0.00   99.16</span></span>
<span class="line"><span></span></span>
<span class="line"><span>Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s     r/s     w/s    rkB/s    wkB/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await r_await w_await  svctm  %util</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>sda               0.01     0.49    0.63    0.95    30.59    39.78    89.58     0.34  214.23   49.16  323.48   8.55   1.34</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>scd0              0.00     0.00    0.00    0.00     0.02     0.00    98.48     0.00    1.21    1.21    0.00   0.95   0.00</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>dm-0              0.00     0.00    0.62    1.35    30.15    38.59    69.70     0.91  460.67   49.12  648.54   6.66   1.31</span></span>
<span class="line"><span>dm-1              0.00     0.00    0.02    0.07     0.09     0.30     8.52     0.04  442.74   95.43  521.17   6.91   0.06</span></span></code></pre></div><p><code>avg-cpu</code>表示总体cpu使用情况统计信息，对于多核cpu，这里为所有cpu的平均值：</p><ul><li><code>%user</code>：CPU处在用户模式下的时间百分比。</li><li><code>%nice</code>：CPU处在带NICE值的用户模式下的时间百分比。</li><li><code>%system</code>：CPU处在系统模式下的时间百分比。</li><li><code>%iowait</code>：CPU等待输入输出完成时间的百分比，如果%iowait的值过高，表示硬盘存在I/O瓶颈。</li><li><code>%steal</code>：管理程序维护另一个虚拟处理器时，虚拟CPU的无意识等待时间百分比。</li><li><code>%idle</code>：CPU空闲时间百分比，如果%idle值高，表示CPU较空闲；如果%idle值高但系统响应慢时，可能是CPU等待分配内存，应加大内存容量；如果%idle值持续低于10，表明CPU处理能力相对较低，系统中最需要解决的资源是CPU。。</li></ul><p><code>Device</code>表示设备信息：</p><ul><li><code>rrqm/s</code>：每秒对该设备的读请求被合并次数，文件系统会对读取同块(block)的请求进行合并</li><li><code>wrqm/s</code>：每秒对该设备的写请求被合并次数</li><li><code>r/s</code>：每秒完成的读次数</li><li><code>w/s</code>：每秒完成的写次数</li><li><code>rkB/s</code>：每秒读数据量(kB为单位)</li><li><code>wkB/s</code>：每秒写数据量(kB为单位)</li><li><code>avgrq-sz</code>：平均每次IO操作的数据量(扇区数为单位)</li><li><code>avgqu-sz</code>：平均等待处理的IO请求队列长度</li><li><code>await</code>：平均每次IO请求等待时间(包括等待时间和处理时间，毫秒为单位)</li><li><code>svctm</code>：平均每次IO请求的处理时间(毫秒为单位)</li><li><code>%util</code>：一秒中有百分之多少的时间用于 I/O如果%util接近100%，说明产生的I/O请求太多，I/O系统已经满负荷。<code>idle</code>小于70% IO压力就较大了，一般读取速度有较多的wait。</li></ul><blockquote><p><strong>!!</strong> <code>iostat -xmd 1 3</code>：新增<code>m</code>选项可以在输出是使用<code>M</code>为单位。</p></blockquote></div></div></main><footer class="VPDocFooter" data-v-39a288b8 data-v-e257564d><!--[--><!--]--><!----><nav class="prev-next" aria-labelledby="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d><span class="visually-hidden" id="doc-footer-aria-label" data-v-e257564d>Pager</span><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link prev" href="/os/linux/%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>上一页</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>其他命令</span><!--]--></a></div><div class="pager" data-v-e257564d><a class="VPLink link pager-link next" href="/os/linux/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90.html" data-v-e257564d><!--[--><span class="desc" data-v-e257564d>下一页</span><span class="title" data-v-e257564d>文本分析</span><!--]--></a></div></nav></footer><!--[--><!--]--></div></div></div><!--[--><!--]--></div></div><!----><!--[--><!--]--></div></div>
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